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Title Details:
Metal vases
Authors: Avramidou, Amalia
Tsiafaki, Despoina
Reviewer: Kefalidou, Evrydiki
Subject: HUMANITIES AND ARTS > HISTORY > ARCHAEOLOGY > CLASSICAL ARCHAEOLOGY
HUMANITIES AND ARTS > HISTORY > ARCHAEOLOGY
HUMANITIES AND ARTS > ARTS AND LETTERS > ARTS > ART THEORY > ART HISTORY
HUMANITIES AND ARTS > HISTORY > ARCHAEOLOGY > THE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE LIFE OF THE ANCIENT GREEKS
HUMANITIES AND ARTS > HISTORY > ARCHAEOLOGY > ANCIENT GREEK RELIGION
HUMANITIES AND ARTS > HISTORY > ARCHAEOLOGY > TOPOGRAPHY OF THE GREEK AND ROMAN WORLD
HUMANITIES AND ARTS > HISTORY > ARCHAEOLOGY > ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS
Description:
Abstract:
From the land of the Odrysians, expanding approximately from modern-day Bulgaria to the Greek Thracian coast, come several hoards of luxury objects and metalware. These treasures, as they are known in the archae- ological record, are usually composed of artifacts made of precious metals and include vessels, jewelry, coins, weaponry, and harnesses. Most of the luxury metalware discussed in this chapter was found inside sumptu- ous burials of the Thracian elite. Our focus lies on metal vases from the sixth through the fourth century B.C., primarily on those carrying figurative decoration, and less so floral and animal-based decoration. The goal of this study is to familiarize the reader with the artistry and iconography of the luxury vases through a contextual approach of the material, placing them within their social and historical framework. Metallurgy has a long tradition in ancient Thrace and the art of metalworking, i.e. the production of metal objects, goes back to the prehistoric period. There were several processing methods used but casting and ham- mering were the two basic ones. In the casting technique the metal sheet was heated and poured into moulds while in a liquid state in order to acquire the desired shape. Once the metal was cold, it was removed from the mould, its surface was smoothed and details were further worked either in cold or heated conditions. Equally important was the hammering technique: first, the metal sheet acquired its shape by constant hammering and then the pieces were joined together into the final form. The majority of metal vases with figurative patterns were made of gold and silver (fewer in bronze) and were decorated with relief or incised motifs. A golden patina often characterizes the bronze vases, while gilding of incised and relief motifs was a favorite practice on silver vessels. Such features created a unique and colorful result. Metalsmithing was laborious and expensive work. The craftsmen were expected to have experience with a wide range of techniques and to be able to produce various metal objects, from armor parts to jewelry to vases. Scholars compare the metalsmith’s social position to that of a poet (αοιδός), because of their special skills and mobility, moving from one royal court (or workshop) to the next. Thracian rulers were probably the ones extending an invitation to metalsmiths to come and work under their auspices, since they were also the ones who sponsored the metalsmithing craft, providing the metalsmith with expensive raw materials. Periodi- cally archaeologists bring to light bronze moulds and stamps from metal workshops, but it is mostly the stylistic analysis of metal vases that reveals the extensive exchange-network of metal objects and precious artifacts between Thracian rulers across the country. These luxury objects ended up at the royal courts as mementos of friendship (political or other), commercial goods and ritual objects, creating a Thracian koine, i.e. a fashion shared by the local aristocracy that reflected the economic growth of the times. Since we have only a distorted view of metal workshops, formed from a combination of literary sources and stylistic analyses of vessels, any attempt to define the workshops that produced the metal vases found in Thracian tombs is extremely difficult. Things get even more complicated when one considers the mobility of the artists and the dispersal of their work, which was copied and reproduced in areas far away from the origi- nal place of manufacture. It should be noted that a wave of craftsmen from mainland Greece and the Aegean islands migrated in search of new clientele after the Persian Wars, while there was an even bigger movement during Alexander’s campaign and the foundation of Hellenistic Kingdoms at the end of the fourth century B.C. For all these reasons, the question of how we should characterize such luxury vessels remains hard to answer, because in the majority of cases there is neither a clear definition of the identity of the craftsman (or the spon- sor), nor an accurate attribution to a workshop. The figurative metal vases can be divided into two categories according to their shape: ritual vessels, such as rhyton and phiale, and drinking vessels. The horn-rhyton is the most frequent shape, usually ending in an animal protome or forepart, while there are also rhyta in the shape of a human head or even a vase (amphora). It is estimated that more than 25 gold and silver rhyta of the Achaemenid style (i.e., Persian) have been discov- ered to date. Even though most of them follow the Achaemenid tradition (at least in terms of shape), several include Greek decorative motifs, namely figurative compositions and mythological episodes. Another favorite shape is the phiale, particularly the omphalos-type, and drinking vessels, such as cups, kantharoi and mugs. Less frequent are plates and jugs. With regard to the large shapes, common funerary gifts include bronze hy- driae and situlae but few amphoras and kraters. Thus, it appears that most metal gold and silver vases were sympotic or ceremonial shapes, contributing to the wine-drinking customs and the rituals of the local aristoc- racy. Since gold played an important role in Thracian society as an indication of wealth and high status, it is only natural that the royal banquet-set (as seen in the grave) was composed of many gold vases. Also, let us keep in mind that both the phiale and the rhyton were emblematic of royal Thracian iconography, judging from representations of the transfer of power depicting a divinity and a heroized ruler. One of the most impressive metal vases from the Late Archaic and Classical period is the silver kantharos with gilded decoration from the treasure of Golyamata Mogila at Duvanli, dating from around the middle of the fifth century B.C. Even though visually the result of the gilded figures against a dark silver background re- minds us of red figure vases, in reality the incision technique is the transliteration of the black-figure style on metal. Two figures are represented on each side of the kantharos: a) Dionysos and a maenad holding a deer and b) a satyr with a thyrsos along with a dancing maenad, also bearing a thyrsos. All figures are executed in minute detail, rendering the scene comparable to high-quality Attic vase paintings. From the same treasure comes a phiale with an exceptional decoration in its interior. The scene represents the four chariots of an apo- bates competition, a dangerous and highly demanding game, during which armed athletes jumped on and off the chariot while at full speed. Stylistically this phiale is near the Amazonomachy phiale from the Vassil Bijkov collection, depicting Greek warriors in heroic nudity fighting against Amazons. From the same private collection come six more vessels produced in Greek workshops and, despite their lack of secure provenance, they still play an important role in the study of luxury vases. In particular, there is a rhyton with the death of Orpheus, three cups representing Orpheus and a symposiast, Hermes and Helen, and Aktaion, respectively, and two kantharoi: the first depicts the death of Orpheus and the Rape of the Leukip- pides, and the second, the Judgement of Paris followed by Paris’s meeting with Helen at the fountain. All six vases are made of silver and carry gilded decorative motifs with incised details, dating ca. 425-400 B.C. Of the same date is the unique rhyton from the same collection representing the rare myth of Melanippe, perhaps inspired by the homonymous tragedy by Euripides. In the fourth century B.C. the finds from rich royal tombs become even more spectacular and, interestingly, several luxury vases carry inscriptions, denoting either the name of the owner (e.g., King Kotys, Teres, Ama- dokos), the artist’s signature, the place of manufacture (e.g. ek Geiston, ek Beo) or its monetary value. Vases inscribed with royal names can be characterized as gifts from the king to the deceased, while the inscription of a toponym in the genitive must have functioned as some kind of warranty that the metal was pure and the vase was produced in the royal workshops. “Recycling” of gifts, booty and tribute was a tactic common in the Achaemenid empire and it appears that it was adopted by the Odrysian rulers, as well. The finds from Vratsa are the first of a few examples of impressive metal vases from fourth century B.C. tombs. Among the numerous artifacts accompanying the deceased, a golden jug stands out. Its handle is in the form of the “Herculian knot” while its body is decorated with two winged chariots facing each other. The rider of each chariot, beardless and dressed with a short chiton, is usually identified with Apollo or perhaps a priestly figure of the Triballoi. The scene is rendered in the local naïve style, giving us an idea of the other stylistic trends that were fashionable at that time, apart from the Greek. From the same time period comes a rhyton in the form of a deer from the Rozovets treasure, decorated with an interesting Dionysiac scene, while Dionysiac compositions (both figural and floral) are also found on the silver vessels of the Borovo treasure, dated in the first half of the fourth century B.C. One of the most renowned treasures is that of Rogozen, a unique collection of metal vessels formed as a result of tribute or booty. It consists of more than 150 silver vases, mainly phialae, with a total weight of ca. 20 kg. The vases, found buried in two groups, perhaps for security purposes, were destined to be melted down and reused. Most of them carried only floral and animal decoration but there were some exceptional figura- tive vases, such as the inscribed, gilded phiale of Didykaimos, ruler of the Triballoi. The interior emblem of the phiale depicted Herakles and Auge in a style that clearly indicates its manufacture by a Greek workshop. The scene can be compared to similar compositions on Attic red figure vases, while the choice of this rare myth may reflect the influence of contemporary Attic drama or parody (e.g., Euripides, Euboulos). Apart from the spectacular phiale of Didykaimos, several jugs from the Rogozen treasure also carry figurative decoration, albeit rendered in an eclectic, local style that aims for a symbolic rather than a high-quality, naturalistic repre- sentation. Undoubtedly the most impressive treasure is the one found in Panagyurishte, not only because of its weight in gold (over six kilos) but also because of the variety of shapes and the spectacular decoration. Scholars claim that the treasure was buried a little before the time the Celts took over Thrace and founded their own kingdom (ca. 280 B.C.). The treasure consists of a phiale, three rhyta in the shape of female heads (possibly Athena, Aph- rodite and Hera), three animal-head rhyta and a unique rhyton in the shape of an amphora. The latter had an inscription on its neck declaring its weight in Lampsakan staters, and thus offering a clue towards the workshop of its production. The amphora-rhyton carries a relief figurative decoration: five warriors in heroic nudity stand outside the gates of a city (?), while inside an older man and a young warrior are involved in what seems to be splachnomanty (prophesy through the inspection of animal entrails). The scene has been tentatively identified with the Seven against Thebes, but recently a more “Thracian” reading has been proposed, associating the scene with initiation rites at the Kabeirion of Samothrace. Turning to bronze vessels, there are a number of hydriae and situlae that carry limited figurative decoration at the joints, e.g., the connection points of the handles, and two such situlae from the Bojkov collection are noteworthy. They are stylistically attributed to South Italian workshops, perhaps Taras, and are decorated with two intriguing scenes. The first situla may represent the queen of the Amazons with her daughter on one side and the Scythian king with his son, on the other, while the second depicts a curious variation of the myth of the golden fleece: an Amazon is stepping on the fleece to protect it from a Greek warrior. To summarize the iconographic themes found on metal vases from ancient Thrace, one can divide them in three categories: floral motifs, animals and hybrid creatures, and figurative scenes. The latter encompass depictions of gods, heroes, mythological episodes, and compositions with Dionysiac (or even mystic) character. Human figures appear first on metal vases of the fifth century B.C., originally in small groups set one next to the other, and within time they develop into multi-figural narratives. Quite frequent are Dionysiac themes, in- cluding figures from the Dionysiac thiasos (silenus, menads, and satyrs) as well as Dionysos and Ariadne. More gods from the Greek pantheon are present: Apollo, Hermes, Hera, Aphrodite, Athena, and Poseidon, while less recurrent is the depiction of Greek heroes (e.g., Herakles, Theseus), which contrasts with the frequent appearance of the local Thracian hero, Orpheus. It is noteworthy that Amazon-scenes enjoy some degree of popularity, as does Helen who is depicted on at least two vases. The choice of specific decorative scenes for these luxury vessels should not be considered accidental, since such artifacts were emblematic of their owners’ high status. Ownership of a metal vase decorated with heroic battles, hunting scenes or episodes from the Homeric epics, designated the direct relation of its owner to the heroic past and reinforced his rank. Just like the epic tradition praised the heroic ideals, the metal vases pro- vided the pictorial equivalent of the aristocratic valor. Interestingly, this preoccupation with the heroic past led to the advancement of the figurative decoration on metal vases, a trend evident from the late of the fifth and mainly through the fourth century B.C. Metal vessels, and particularly gold and silver ones, did not function solely as sympotic ware, but also had a ceremonial and symbolic character since they were used on special occasions, including libations, rituals, ceremonial drinking or group symposia. Such artifacts reflected the owner’s social rank, financial status and culture. Thucydides (2.97.3-4) commented on the gift-giving tradition among the Thracians rulers, reporting that no request could be processed without the appropriate gift. For some luxury vases, scholars assume that they functioned as diplomatic gifts. For example, Athenians appear to have chosen specific myths to decorate the metal vases offered as gifts to the Odrysian kings in their search for allies during the Peloponnesian War, because they wished to render these gifts meaningful and familiar to the recipients. Apart from diplomacy, luxury vessels reached the Thracian royalty through other channels, e.g. weddings, booty and tribute. Objects acquired as booty or tribute could easily be recycled and recast into new artifacts. The figurative gold and silver vases were not items of mass production (unlike pottery), but masterpieces for a select few customers who diachronically enjoyed the deep-rooted tradition of metalwork and had the financial means to afford it. Thus it comes as no surprise that such artifacts are found mostly in the tumuli of the elite, reflecting their elevated status, rather than as sanctuary dedications. Scholars believe that all funer- ary gifts, vases, armor, jewelry etc, were set in common view during the burial in order to demonstrate the privileged position the deceased aristocrat enjoyed in life, before he was heroized after death. Therefore, gold and silverware had a symbolic value for their owner, who would never sell it, especially if it featured mytho- logical scenes of heroes cherished as role-models. At the same time, the tumulus —and the treasure that it included— demonstrated the power of the community to undertake such a demanding building practice, as well as the cult practices of the local aristocracy.
Technical Editors: Kydonakis, Aris
Graphic Editors: Velenis, Michail
Type: Chapter
Creation Date: 2015
Item Details:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/gr
Handle http://hdl.handle.net/11419/3615
Bibliographic Reference: Avramidou, A., & Tsiafaki, D. (2015). Metal vases [Chapter]. In Avramidou, A., & Tsiafaki, D. 2015. Attic Pottery [Undergraduate textbook]. Kallipos, Open Academic Editions. https://hdl.handle.net/11419/3615
Language: Greek
Is Part of: Attic Pottery
Number of pages 30
Publication Origin: Kallipos, Open Academic Editions