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Title Details:
Attic vases in Thrace
Authors: Avramidou, Amalia
Tsiafaki, Despoina
Reviewer: Kefalidou, Evrydiki
Subject: HUMANITIES AND ARTS > HISTORY > ARCHAEOLOGY > CLASSICAL ARCHAEOLOGY
HUMANITIES AND ARTS > HISTORY > ARCHAEOLOGY
HUMANITIES AND ARTS > ARTS AND LETTERS > ARTS > ART THEORY > ART HISTORY
HUMANITIES AND ARTS > HISTORY > ARCHAEOLOGY > THE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE LIFE OF THE ANCIENT GREEKS
HUMANITIES AND ARTS > HISTORY > ARCHAEOLOGY > ANCIENT GREEK RELIGION
HUMANITIES AND ARTS > HISTORY > ARCHAEOLOGY > TOPOGRAPHY OF THE GREEK AND ROMAN WORLD
HUMANITIES AND ARTS > HISTORY > ARCHAEOLOGY > ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS
Description:
Abstract:
This brief presentation of the Attic black- and red-figure vases from sites in ancient Thrace allows us to observe certain preferences regarding the shapes, usage, and quantity of pottery discovered at every site. Even though our analysis is at an early stage, we can still create an outline of the types of Attic painted pottery imported into each region. Starting with Thasos and its Peraia (the coast across from the island), one is overwhelmed by the large quantity of black- and red-figure cups, originating mainly from sanctuaries and possibly related to rites of pas- sage for young men (ephebes). Also substantial is the quantity of black- and red-figure kraters. On the contrary, closed shapes, like the amphora, and small perfume containers, such as the alabastron, are very rare. Painted Attic pottery has also been discovered in fifth and fourth century burials around the Strymon river, the natural border of ancient Thrace towards the West, with the lekythos, both red-figure and white-ground, being the predominant shape. Further east, on Samothrace, the situation changes. The most prevalent shape on the island is the krater, both in the black- and the red-figure technique, followed by red-figure skyphoi. Their main findspot is the sanc- tuary of the Great Gods. In the Peraia of Samothrace, excavations have revealed amongst other finds, numer- ous burials equipped with Attic pottery. Lekythoi and hydriai are the more common finds, while from funerary monuments at Stryme come several amphoras and pelikai. Noteworthy is the presence of Attic black-figure cups, skyphoi and red-figure kraters from the sanctuaries of Mesembria (ancient Zone) near Alexandroupolis, a trend that corresponds with the ceramic finds from Samothrace. Overall, compared to the Thasian Peraia, the quantities of Attic pottery from sites across from Samothrace are fewer. Moving on to the settlements on the Black Sea, we note two important facts: the long-lasting presence of Attic pottery in Apollonia and the large number of lekythoi and bell-kraters from the necropoleis and tumuli of the coastal Greek colonies (Apollonia, Mesembria, Odessos [Varna]) and the inland-sites (Tundzha, Evros) during the second half of the fifth century and especially the fourth century B.C. Of particular interest is the increased number of fourth-century bell-kraters from the ancient settlement at Burgas. This is indicative of the importance kraters had not only as funerary gifts of the elite (see the necropolis of Harmanite in Apollonia), but also as vessels used in everyday practices. Similar finds have come to light from sites near the Evros river and elsewhere, suggesting that the krater was a significant component of Thracian dining traditions, both for- mal and everyday. Based on this observation, it appears that by the fourth century B.C. the upcoming members of society wished to adopt aristocratic practices, such as communal drinking, but since metal vessels were ex- pensive (especially large containers such as the krater), they turned to the impressive yet far more affordable Attic clay productions. Instructive is the study of vases attributed to well-known Attic vase-painters vis-à-vis their find spots be- cause it is possible to follow their itinerary from the first import center, usually a Greek colony, until the Thra- cian inland sites. Thasos and its Peraia and Apollonia with its periphery are two good examples of important commercial centers that fueled the local market with Attic pottery. Among the black-figure painters identified on the sites of Aegean Thrace one can single out the C Painter, the Heidelberg Painter, the Haimon Painter, and the Polos Painter, while there are also a few works by the great black-figure Athenian painters of the sixth century, such as Sophilos, Lydos and Exekias – the latter being a rare phenomenon for the Black Sea sites (e.g., Apollonia). Regarding fifth-century red-figure painters, it appears that Stryme was a distinct import center, as several vases by the Berlin, Kleophon and the Peleus Painters were discovered there. One should also men- tion the presence of at least two vases by the fourth-century Pronomos Painter from Samothrace and Tragilos, respectively. On the other hand, it appears that different red-figure painters reached the Greeks of Apollonia and then through its network were marketed to the locals. More specifically, from the fifth century B.C. vases by the Achilles, Eretria and the Phiale Painters stand out, while in the fourth century it appears as if the Black Thyrsos Painter had the monopoly within Apollonia and the Tundhza area. Quite impressive also are the quan- tities of vases by the Fat Boy Group found in Mesembrian sites around the river Ardas and in Vratsa. Turning to iconography, one should immediately point out the limited depictions of Thracians, Scythians, Amazons, Orpheus and other local figures, while equally rare are the cases where both the shape (e.g. mug) and the decoration (e.g. Thracian) of a vase indicate a special commission in tune with local preferences and needs. On the contrary, the most popular topics on Attic vases from coastal and inland Thrace include Diony- siac scenes and members of his thiasos, representations of warriors, and, particularly for the fourth century B.C., themes inspired by the women’s world, e.g. household scenes, women and Eros etc. One should also keep in mind that in contrast to the Attic imports in Etruria and Magna Graecia, erotic imagery is almost completely absent from the repertoire of Attic painted pottery discovered in ancient Thrace. Comparing the find spots of Attic painted pottery from Thrace to the ones of metal vases and based on current archaeological evidence, it appears that the majority of black- and red-figure ware comes from sanctu- aries and burial sites of Greek colonies, while most of the metal vessels were found in large burials of the Odry- sian kingdom. For example, the large tumuli at Duvanli were equipped with precious metal vessels but rarely with Attic vases, and, even then, not more than one or two at a time. Also quite spectacular is the difference in numbers between Attic cups and other drinking vases from coastal Thracian sites to those unearthed in inland centers (i.e., modern-day Bulgaria). This phenomenon can be explained if we take into account the impressive number of metal rhyta, cups, mugs, and other drinking vessels that have been discovered in Thracian tombs. Lastly, one should point out that certain shapes from the Athenian ceramic corpus are rare or absent in Thrace, perhaps because their metal version was preferred, e.g. hydria. Based on the above, we may draw some preliminary conclusions. First, the centers that imported Attic painted pottery changed over time from the sixth through the fourth century B.C., while the main routes of dispersal seem to be from the Aegean coast of Thrace inland or later on, through the colonies of the Black Sea. Second, there is a clear preference for certain shapes in every region and over set periods of time, a fact sup- ported by the selective nature of imports and the targeted usages of Attic vases within the local communities, e.g. dedicatory cups of the sixth and fifth century B.C. in Thasian sanctuaries, lekythoi and kraters of the fifth and mainly fourth century in the necropoleis of Apollonia. Thirdly, after the end of the Persian Wars there was an increase in Attic exports towards the Black Sea colonies, while from the middle of the century and because of the fallout with Etruscan clientele, the Athenians sought new markets in the North Aegean and the Black Sea. As a result, they approached trading centers in Thrace and Euxeinos Pontus more vigorously at the end of the fifth and especially the fourth century B.C. with products that satisfied the needs of the local market. These commercial activities were further assisted by the stabilized political scene in the area after the foundation of the Odrysian kingdom around 460 B.C. and more significantly by the numerous interactions between Greeks, especially Athenians, and Thracians during the Classical period. Lastly, one needs to point out that, in contrast to Etruria and Magna Grecia where the impact of Attic pot- tery was such that it led to the birth of local workshops imitating Athenian prototypes, this does not seem to be the case in Thrace. Even where there is an archaeological indication or a suspicion of a local production, the range and longevity of these workshops cannot be compared to the South Italian ones. We should also keep in mind that the painted Attic pottery imported into Thrace (coastal and inland) was usually simply decorated and of mass production, while vases of high-quality were rare compared to the ones discovered on the Italian peninsula.
Technical Editors: Kydonakis, Aris
Graphic Editors: Velenis, Michail
Type: Chapter
Creation Date: 2015
Item Details:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/gr
Handle http://hdl.handle.net/11419/3613
Bibliographic Reference: Avramidou, A., & Tsiafaki, D. (2015). Attic vases in Thrace [Chapter]. In Avramidou, A., & Tsiafaki, D. 2015. Attic Pottery [Undergraduate textbook]. Kallipos, Open Academic Editions. https://hdl.handle.net/11419/3613
Language: Greek
Is Part of: Attic Pottery
Number of pages 34
Publication Origin: Kallipos, Open Academic Editions