Adobe PDF (984.92 kB)
Title Details:
Attic vases with thracian iconography
Authors: Avramidou, Amalia
Tsiafaki, Despoina
Reviewer: Kefalidou, Evrydiki
Subject: HUMANITIES AND ARTS > HISTORY > ARCHAEOLOGY > CLASSICAL ARCHAEOLOGY
HUMANITIES AND ARTS > HISTORY > ARCHAEOLOGY
HUMANITIES AND ARTS > ARTS AND LETTERS > ARTS > ART THEORY > ART HISTORY
HUMANITIES AND ARTS > HISTORY > ARCHAEOLOGY > THE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE LIFE OF THE ANCIENT GREEKS
HUMANITIES AND ARTS > HISTORY > ARCHAEOLOGY > ANCIENT GREEK RELIGION
HUMANITIES AND ARTS > HISTORY > ARCHAEOLOGY > TOPOGRAPHY OF THE GREEK AND ROMAN WORLD
HUMANITIES AND ARTS > HISTORY > ARCHAEOLOGY > ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS
Description:
Abstract:
This chapter presents Thracian subjects that are depicted on the Attic vases of the Late Archaic and Classical periods. The number of the Thracian-based representations known to date in combination with the variety of stories, form a Thracian cycle of themes in Atticvase-painting. These Thracian themes appear on Attic vases in the sixth century B.C. and last until the fourth century B.C. with the fifth B.C. century being the period of their peak. Based on the preserved vases, the Thracian themes can be divided into two broad categories: a) mortals and b) figures of myth. They all occurred on the vases, but they appeared in different periods and their popu- larity and duration varied as well. The first category of Thracians —the mortals— presented on Attic vase-painting, can be divided into two major groups: a) males and b) females. Although usually depicted independently, both Thracian males and females occur most frequentlyin scenes of daily life with a limited presence in mythological subjects. The two sexes are presented separately in this chapter as they follow individual characteristics in their iconography. Mortal male Thracians appear in black-figure vase-painting a little after the middle of the sixth century B.C. and they continue in the fifth century B.C. Their appearance coincides with Miltiades’ the Elder presence in the Thracian Chersonese and with Peisistratus’ exile in Thrace. They are presented as warriors and horsemen, activities for which Thracian men were famous in antiquity. They participate in battle scenes or genre scenes with other warriors and Greeks. As regards mythological subjects, male Thracians appear regularly in the epi- sode with the musician Orpheus who plays his lyre and charms them. Sporadically Thracians might be depicted in other scenes, but they did not have any particular role there other than through their presence denoting the location in which an event takes place. A good example is the myth of Phineus, in which a Thracian attendant was occasionally present who marks that the location of the scene was somewhere in Thrace. Thracian men are identified primarily through their garments and secondarily by their weapons and facial features. Herodotus described Thracian clothes in detail and Attic vase painters rendered them with precision: a) alopekis which was the Thracian cap made from an animal pelt, usually a fox as is suggested by the name (alopex is the fox in ancient Greek) and the tail of the animal is often depicted on the vases, b) zeira which was the thickly woven woolly mantle, often embroidered with various patterns, including geometric, in contrasting colors, c) embades which were the fawn-skin boots with down-folded overlapping tops. In addition to clothes, Herodotus attributed to Thracian warriors certain types of weapons, such as pelta; a small light crescent- shaped shield often depicted on the vases. Occasionally facial features could contribute to identifying Thracians on the vases. Xenophanes of Kolo- phon states that Thracians had red hair and blue eyes. Although the latter was not easily depicted on black- and red-figure vases, the formerwas sporadically indicated by means of a dilute glaze. Moreover, red-haired Thracians might have also a pointed beard that differentiated them from the Athenians. Thracian women are also found in Attic vase-painting, in particular in the fifth century B.C. They were presented either as slaves or free females. The first group appeared mostly in genre scenes related to the household; they were presented in fountain scenes getting water for the needs of the house or they could be present in burial scenes taking care of the deceased as devoted slaves. Thracian women in antiquity were famous nurses (‘trophoi’) and it is said that Euripides had a Thracian nurse. This capacity of theirs is preserved in Athenian iconography. On a red figure skyphos, the nurse, Geropso, appears escorting the young Heracles to his music class. The Thracian origin of the woman is declared through the tattoos she has on her body. Thracian women did not wear any particular garments nor do the literary sources provide any information on unique garments. They can easily be recognized, however, through the tattoos they had on their bodies. According to Herodotus, tattooing was a sign of nobilityfor the Thracians. According to other literary sources, however, tattooing was punishment for the women of Thrace for the murder of Orpheus. This mythological episode was the one in which Thracian females appeared as free women. Just before the moment of the mur- der, they might also be depicted together with Thracian men in a scene with the musician Orpheus. The second category of Thracians depicted on Attic vases are the figures of myth. This is also a very broad category that can be divided into three groups: a) musicians, b) kings, and c) personifications and deities. Thrace was considered the land of music in antiquity and several famous musicians originated in Thrace, among whom are Orpheus, Thamyris, Mousaios and Eumolpos. Orpheus is the best known and the most popular in Attic vase-painting. The story of Orpheus is long, containing various episodes, many of which can be found in the art of different places and workshops. As regards Attic vase painters, it seems that they were at- tracted by certain events. They were interested in a) the death of Orpheus at the hands of the Thracian women, b) the scene with Orpheus playing music for male Thracians and c) his oracular head. The first to be depicted was his death and this was a popular topic in the vase-painting of the fifth century B.C. The musician Orpheus appeared later and it was also found on many vases, while the oracular head never became very popular. Thamyris is the second in popularity on Attic vases. He appears in the second half of the fifth century B.C. dressed in Thracian garments, and vase painters were attracted to the episode of his musical contest with the Muses. As might be expected, Thamyris was defeated by the Muses. In punishment for his hybristic statement that he could have beaten them, the Muses blinded Thamyris and his musical skills were taken away. The other two musicians of Thrace, Mousaios and Eumolpos, also appear on Attic vases, but they never became very popular. Mousaios is usually depicted in his capacity as a musician participating in musical scenes along with Muses, while Eumolpos is presented in episodes related to Eleusis and the Mysteries, since he was a participantin them. The second group of mythical figures depicted in Attic vase-painting, was that of the kings. Among the most renowned mythical kings of Thrace were Rhesos, Lykourgos, Diomedes, Phineus and Tereus. One of the most famous Thracian kings, Rhesos,was well known in Classical Athens; Euripides for example, wrote a play entitled «Rhesos», and the Athenians founded a Heroon for him in Amphipolis. Even though he was not preserved on Attic vases,his fame in relation to his importance in Athens in the fifth century B.C. required that a part of the chapter be devoted to him. Lykourgos, the king of the Thracian Edonians, is also represented in Athenian iconography and he is a good example of the savagery attributed to Thracian males in Athenian myth. Lykourgos not only opposed the cult of Dionysos, but also commanded his soldiers to attack the god and his female followers, the maenads. As punishment, the Thracian king was driven mad by Dionysos, and in this state, believing that his son Dryas was a vine, murdered the boy. The myth, although it does not appear in numerous examples, is preserved in the Attic vase-painting in the second half of the fifth century B.C. Lykourgos shared this wildness with another Thracian king, Diomedes. Diomedes was famous for his man- eating horses and his story was related in the eighth labor of Heracles. According to this labor, Eurystheas asked Heracles to bring him the horses of the Thracian king, Diomedes. Already from the sixth century B.C., vase-painters depicted the scene with Heracles capturing the horses or leading them to Eurystheas, but the subject never became very popular. Phineus, the king of Salmydessos was a favorite topic on Attic vases of the fifth century B.C. He was a king and famous seer, who lost his sight as punishment from the gods because he blinded his own sons at the in- stigation of his sons’ stepmother. The gods further tormented him with the Harpies who snatched away his food. Eventually, Boreas’ sons, Zetes and Kalais, pursued the Harpies and liberated Phineus. Even though the Boreads and Harpies occurred in art from the seventh century B.C., we do not know of any certain depiction of Phineus himself before the early fifth century B.C. The vase painters of the fifth century B.C. chose two epi- sodes to depict from the story of Phineus: a) the Harpies snatching his food and b) Phineus with the Boreads just before or after his liberation from the Harpies. The last Thracian king depicted on Attic vases is Tereus. As a hero Tereus was known in earlier times but he was not connected with Thrace as he was said to be from either from Megara or from the area of Phokis. His Thracian origin appears to be an Athenian invention of the fifth century B.C. due to the desire of the Athenians to connect him with the real king of Thrace, Teres, and to achieve an alliance with his son Sitalkes. Tereus was married to Prokne the daughter of the Athenian king Pandion and they had a son together, Itys. Tereus was, however, attracted to Prokne’s sister, Philomela. Tereus took Philomela with him to Thrace where he raped her. In order to be certain that Philomela would not talk about this event, he cut out her tongue. Philomela, never- theless, managed to relay a message to Prokne and the two sisters decided to punish Tereus by killing Itys and feeding him to Tereus. Tereus understood what they had done and he pursued the sisters in order to kill them. The episode of Tereus chasing Prokne and Philomela and their transformation into birds by the gods, attracted the vase painters who included it on their vases. The third category of Thracian mythical topics occurring in Attic iconography were those of personifications and gods. Here, the most representative examples are Boreas, Strymon and Bendis. Boreas, the North Wind, had family relations with Athens and became very popular there. From the Greek perspective, Thrace was a cold northern land and thus was an appropriate home for the North Wind, a tradi- tion was first cited by Homer (Iliad 9.5 and 23.230). Both literary sources and visual representations indicated that the barbarian Boreas raped the maiden Oreithyia against her will and against the wishes of her father, the Athenian king, Erechtheus. Boreas took Oreithyia to Thrace, where they were married and produced two sons, Zetes and Calais. It is likely that the marriage myth was a politically inspired Athenian invention, created after Boreas’ supposed assistance to the city during the Persian Wars. Although he does not mention the rape of Oreithyia, Herodotos (6.44) relates that the Thracian Boreas twice helped to save Athens from the onslaught of the Persians and that (7.189) an oracle instructed the Athenians to ask their son-in-law for assistance. After the Persian Wars his cult was introduced into Athens where it was centered at an altar on the Ilissos river. Boreas, and in particular the scene with the rape of Oreithyia,was very popular on Attic red figure vases from the time of the Persian Wars onwards. In the earlier examples, he appears very wild but over time he takes on a more normal appearance. The personification of the river Strymon, located in the area of the Athenian colony Amphipolis in Thrace, was depicted on an Attic amphora contemporary with the Athenian victory in Eion. Worth noting is that on the same vase, apart from the Strymon, personifications of Okeanos and the river Nile also appear. Modern scholarship has seen in the scene a reflection of the political and historical events that took place in Athens at that period of the fifth century B.C. The Thracian goddess Bendis entered Athenian cult and art sometime after the middle of the fifth century B.C. Her introduction was probably inspired politically by Perikles’ desire for an alliance with Thrace and its king Sitalkes in the time of the Peloponnesean War. In Athenian art, Bendis was represented wearing the embades and the alopekis. As a deity of hunting she was the equivalent of the Greek goddess Artemis and therefore they hada similar appearance in the Attic vase-painting. Bendis is depicted on red figure vases and she is also found on votive reliefs of the fourth century B.C. The depiction of all these Thracians, however, was not limited to vase-painting. Elsewhere in Athenian art, Thracian subjects were also found in sculpture and lost monumental paintings, such as those in the Stoa Poikile or in the Pinakotheke on the Athenian Acropolis. The three renowned tragedians of the Classical Era, Aischylos, Sophocles and Euripides often included Thracian myths in their plays. Through these scenes, one can get a global view of the Athenian perspectiveon Thrace and the Thracians during the late Archaic and Classical period and in particular the fifth century B.C. when they reached the height of their visual popularity in Athens.
Technical Editors: Kydonakis, Aris
Graphic Editors: Velenis, Michail
Type: Chapter
Creation Date: 2015
Item Details:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/gr
Handle http://hdl.handle.net/11419/3612
Bibliographic Reference: Avramidou, A., & Tsiafaki, D. (2015). Attic vases with thracian iconography [Chapter]. In Avramidou, A., & Tsiafaki, D. 2015. Attic Pottery [Undergraduate textbook]. Kallipos, Open Academic Editions. https://hdl.handle.net/11419/3612
Language: Greek
Is Part of: Attic Pottery
Number of pages 45
Publication Origin: Kallipos, Open Academic Editions