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Title Details:
Contacts between Athens and Thrace
Authors: Avramidou, Amalia
Tsiafaki, Despoina
Reviewer: Kefalidou, Evrydiki
Subject: HUMANITIES AND ARTS > HISTORY > ARCHAEOLOGY > CLASSICAL ARCHAEOLOGY
HUMANITIES AND ARTS > HISTORY > ARCHAEOLOGY
HUMANITIES AND ARTS > ARTS AND LETTERS > ARTS > ART THEORY > ART HISTORY
HUMANITIES AND ARTS > HISTORY > ARCHAEOLOGY > THE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE LIFE OF THE ANCIENT GREEKS
HUMANITIES AND ARTS > HISTORY > ARCHAEOLOGY > ANCIENT GREEK RELIGION
HUMANITIES AND ARTS > HISTORY > ARCHAEOLOGY > TOPOGRAPHY OF THE GREEK AND ROMAN WORLD
HUMANITIES AND ARTS > HISTORY > ARCHAEOLOGY > ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS
Description:
Abstract:
This chapter offers a presentation of the relations and the contacts between the Athenians and the Thracians during the Archaic and Classical periods. The aim of the chapter is to acquaint the reader with the historical and geographical framework within which the inhabitants of the two regions developed their contacts in or- der to understand better the Thracian presence in the Attic vase-painting and the existence of Attic pottery in Thrace. The combination of the above will contribute to a more global approach and a better knowledge of the relations between Athens and Thrace and to a better understanding and use of Attic pottery as a guide to this goal. The chapter is divided into parts that aim to present the different aspects of this historical and geographical information. The first part is devoted to Thrace itself and its people, providing information about its geogra- phy and resources as well as the traditions and characteristics of the Thracians themselves. The second part presents the historical outline of the relations between Athens and Thrace during the Archaic and Classical periods, illustrated with the most representative examples of the historical and political events of the time. Here, the focus is more on the Athenian presence in Thrace. The Thracian presence in Athens is examined in the final two parts of this chapter. The first presents the inclusion of Thrace and its myths in Athenian poetry and drama, since they occur often in the works of the significant poets. The second and last part of the chapter focuses on the physical presence of the Thracians in Athens. Thrace and its people were the neighbors of the Greeks in the North. The region was inhabited by Thracians who were divided into many different tribes, such as the Edonoi, the Odomantes, the Odryses, the Kikones, the Bisaltes, and the Bistones. These tribes were independent from one another and they had their own names and geographical area in which they lived. Furthermore, each tribe had its own organization and rule. That was the case for the inhabitants of Thrace until the foundation of the Odrysian kingdom under the king Teres I and afterwards his son Sitalkes I, in the fifth century B.C. The Thracians were illiterate and this is the reason they didn’t leave their own texts with information on their own traditions and culture. The result is that all our knowledge on Thrace and its people to come from non-Thracian sources with ancient Greek literature being the primary source. Based on these sources, we know that the people of Thrace were skilled warriors, famous for their weapons and horses since the Homeric times. Due to the metal resources in their homeland, they were very knowledgeable in metallurgy, and hunt- ing, agriculture and stock-raising were among their main occupations. At the same time they used to sell their children as slaves and their women were renowned nurses. Even though they were illiterate, they loved mu- sic and Thrace was considered the homeland of music in antiquity. Celebrated mythical musicians of ancient times, such as Orpheus and Thamyras, were considered Thracians. The exact physical borders of Thrace cannot be set, because they moved over time, based on the socio- political conditions of each period. Moreover, the different Thracian tribes may have changed locations until, at least, the foundation of the Odrysian kingdom in the fifth century B.C. Despite that, there is a general geo- graphical framework within which to place Thrace and its people. The border in the north was the river Istros (Danube today), the Black Sea to the east and the Aegean in the south. There is a difficulty in defining the borders to the west, since the Thracians moved gradually to the east due to the expansion of the Macedonians and their kingdom. During the Classical period, the borders to the west had reached the river Strymon and by the time of the reign of Philip II, the river Nestos. The geographical position of Thrace, placed between Europe and Asia, meant that Thrace functioned as a bridge between these two continents and two seas, the Aegean and the Black Sea. The mountainous terrain of Thrace created natural borders, such as for example the mountains in Nestos, Pangaion and Rhodope. The long coastline with its natural harbors was another advantage of the region, facilitating the foundation of vari- ous types of settlements, as for example emporia (trade stations). Furthermore, the great number of rivers in Thrace formed «roads» (e.g., Strymon, Evros) that made the transportation of both people and goods easy. It was not only the geographical placement of Thrace that made the region important and of interest for other people, the Greeks and Athenians in particular. The natural resources of the area were also of great importance. Thrace was rich in iron, copper, silver and gold. The Strymon valley was among the most fertile in the north Aegean and it was covered with forests. This timber was valuable not only for its use as fuel but also for shipbuilding. At a time when Athens based its strength on its naval power, access to Thracian timber meant a lot. The geographical position and the natural resources of Thrace attracted Greeks in early times, probably already in the Bronze Age. However, it is during the period of Greek colonization that the actual contacts be- tween the Greeks and the inhabitants of Thrace took place, through the foundation of colonies in the Aegean area and in the Black Sea. Athens was not among the first Greek cities that participated in the colonization of the area. It made its ap- pearance sometime later when it started its own expansion and was attracted by Thracian natural resources. The earliest contacts of the Athenians with the region of Thrace as recorded in the literary sources, date in the sixth century B.C. when Miltiades the elder -the ancestor of the Marathon victor- settled in the Thracian Cher- sonese, having accepted the invitation of the local people, the Dolonkoi. After Miltiades, it was Peisistratus who arrived in the region of Thrace, during his exile. He founded Rhaekelos, which can be placed somewhere in the Thermaic Gulf, while afterwards he went to Pangaion where he acquainted wealth from the mines in the region. The contacts of Athens with Thrace became closer in the next century, the fifth century B.C., when the Athenians attempted to establish their control over certain areas of Aegean Thrace and the Propontis. The Strymon valley was of great interest to them and they made several attempts before they managed to found colonies there. Duringthefifth century B.C., the relations of the Athenians with the Thracians alternated be- tween wars and alliances. The Persian Wars and the foundation of the first Delian League (478/77 B.C.), which in reality was the first Athenian League, provided Athens with the excuse to turn to Thrace and to try to gain control of the region in the name of its liberation from the Persians. The triumph over Eion (476/75 B.C.) was the first victory of the League and its general, Kimon, received great honors for this. A number of victories and defeats, as for example the rout of Athenians at Drabeskos, indicate not only the contacts of but the interest of the Athenians in the region as well. It was around the middle of the fifth century B.C., however that the Athenian approach to Thrace changed. During the times of Perikles, apart from the war expeditions, the Athenians attempted to be on good terms with the Thracians as well as to found colonies in the area. The foundation of Brea was one example, but the most representative was the foundation of Amphipolis that succeeded after several attempts by Agnon in 437 B.C. The establishment of Amphipolis meant control of the Strymon valley and its resources for the Athenians. The alliance with the Thracian king, Sitalkes, in 431 B.C., was another example of this change in the relation- ship between Athens and Thrace and an indication of the importance of having Thracians as allies. In general, the relations of the Athenians with the Odrysian kingdom played an important role in the contacts of the two people. The Peloponnesian war had a great influence on the contacts and the relations of Athens with Thrace. It should be noted that many of the battles took place in the area and during certain periods, the region was the frontline of the war. During the war, there were times that Athens was on good terms with Thrace and others when they were enemies. The end of the Peloponnesian war meant the termination of Athenian hegemony in the region. This came back, however, some decades later with the second Athenian League (378-348 B.C.). In the meantime, the relationships among the people of the two areas alternated between friendship and animosity. Moreover, relations could be different with the individual cities in Thrace, some of which were members of the Athenian League while others were not. The gradual expansion of the Macedonian kingdom and the power of Philipp II marked the end of Athenian hegemony in the region of Thrace. Ancient authors, such as Herodotus and Thucydides, and, following them, Xenophon, form the primary sources for the information we have on all these historical and political events during the Archaic and Classical periods. However, it is not only the ancient historians that provide information on Thrace and the Thracians. Attic poetry and drama were also attracted by this exotic land with its myths and heroes and they included it in their repertoire. Already from the time of the Peisistratids, Onomacritus gathered the oracles of Mousaios, while Simonides, after the victory at Artemision, composed a poem about the rape of the Athenian Oreithyia by the Thracian wind, Boreas. The great tragedians of the fifth century B.C., Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides, wrote tragedies for Thracian heroes or included them in their works. The trilogy Lykourgeia written by Aeschylus for example, dealt with the murder of Orpheus and the adventure of Lycurgus and it is possible that it included Thamyris as well. Sophocles devoted some of his dramatic repertoire to Thacian myths, and he showed special inter- est in Phineus, Thamyris and Tereus. Euripides also included Thracian heroes. Aside from the tragedians, the comedians expressed interest in Thrace as well. Aristophanes for example, often made references to different Thracians in his various comedies. The relationship of the Athenians with Thrace can be observed not only through the historical and political events nor only through Attic poetry and drama. Thrace was also present in Athens itself, since Thracians lived there from at least from the sixth century B.C. onwards. It is known that in the sixth century B.C. there were Thracians in Athens as Peisistratus had brought back home Thracian mercenaries to assist him in securing his tyranny. It is possible that he also brought people from Thrace to work in the silver mines at Laurion, due to their knowledge and experience in the field. Furthermore, it is known that many foreigners lived in Athens during the Classical times and Thracians may have been among them. As servants, as nurses or as mercenar- ies, Thracians, male and female, must have been common in Athens so the Athenians were familiar with them. Several well-known Athenians had ancestral ties in Thrace usually from their mother’s side; Themistocles and Kimon were among them. Thus, mixed marriages between Athenians and Thracians would have been seen as usual in Athens during the Classical period. The official introduction of the cult of the Thracian goddess Bendis into Athens (430/29 B.C.) indicated not only a Thracian presence in Athens but the great knowledge and familiarity of the Athenians with this people.
Technical Editors: Kydonakis, Aris
Graphic Editors: Velenis, Michail
Type: Chapter
Creation Date: 2015
Item Details:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/gr
Handle http://hdl.handle.net/11419/3611
Bibliographic Reference: Avramidou, A., & Tsiafaki, D. (2015). Contacts between Athens and Thrace [Chapter]. In Avramidou, A., & Tsiafaki, D. 2015. Attic Pottery [Undergraduate textbook]. Kallipos, Open Academic Editions. https://hdl.handle.net/11419/3611
Language: Greek
Is Part of: Attic Pottery
Number of pages 24
Publication Origin: Kallipos, Open Academic Editions