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Title Details:
Ancient greek pottery
Authors: Avramidou, Amalia
Tsiafaki, Despoina
Reviewer: Kefalidou, Evrydiki
Subject: HUMANITIES AND ARTS > HISTORY > ARCHAEOLOGY > CLASSICAL ARCHAEOLOGY
HUMANITIES AND ARTS > HISTORY > ARCHAEOLOGY
HUMANITIES AND ARTS > ARTS AND LETTERS > ARTS > ART THEORY > ART HISTORY
HUMANITIES AND ARTS > HISTORY > ARCHAEOLOGY > THE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE LIFE OF THE ANCIENT GREEKS
HUMANITIES AND ARTS > HISTORY > ARCHAEOLOGY > ANCIENT GREEK RELIGION
HUMANITIES AND ARTS > HISTORY > ARCHAEOLOGY > TOPOGRAPHY OF THE GREEK AND ROMAN WORLD
HUMANITIES AND ARTS > HISTORY > ARCHAEOLOGY > ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS
Description:
Abstract:
This introductory chapter offers a summary of the development of ancient Greek pottery from the seventh to the fourth centuries B.C. Our goal is to familiarize students with this development before we embark on a more specialized examination of Αttic vases and their significance in the study of Thraco-Attic relations during the Archaic and Classical periods. Greek vases enjoy a special place in the study of ancient Greek art and craft due to the their continuous production, their wide geographical dispersal and their impressive variety of shapes and decoration. Manufac- turing a pot on the ceramic wheel was a demanding and time-consuming process. Extracting the clay was the first of many steps, which eventually led to the firing of the vase in a potter’s kiln. The pottery workshops were usually found outside the city center, near or just outside the fortification walls, but at the same time in areas that received a lot of traffic in order to attract prospective buyers (e.g., the Kerameikos area in Athens). Due to the nature of their profession, potters and vase-painters were considered “banausoi” and like most craftsmen, they belonged to the lower social strata of society. Ancient Greek painted pottery was produced in various centers in continental Greece, the Aegean islands and the coast of Asia Minor, but also in South Italy and Sicily (Magna Graecia). Corinth and Attica are amongst the most significant centers; the former monopolized the international pottery trade during the seventh and part of the sixth century B.C., while the latter dominated the market from the third quarter of the sixth century B.C. and for nearly 200 years afterwards, i.e. during the peak of black- and red-figure production. In addition to these two centers, in the Archaic period quite noteworthy was the pottery production of Laconian workshops and the ceramic centers of Ionia. During the Classical era, the only figured vases that could compete with the Athenian red-figure production were the ones manufactured in Magna Graecia. Scholars traditionally categorize ancient Greek vases into two large groups: painted and plain. In both taxonomies, one may find open and closed shapes (i.e., wide-mouthed or narrow-mouthed pots) of either large or small dimensions. Despite the tremendous variety of shapes and their local variations, all production centers shared one thing in common: vases were not potted as decorative items, but as objects that facilitated practical daily needs. Local workshops satisfied the desires of the local community by producing (predomi- nantly plain) pottery, accessible to all levels of society. On the other hand, many scholars today assume that the more demanding – and usually wealthier – customers preferred decorated vases, both local and imported, which were likely to be more expensive. Ancient Greek figured vases, produced in various workshops (e.g., Co- rinthian, Attic, Laconian, Ionian etc) have been found all over the Mediterranean, from the Iberian peninsula to the Black Sea, thus demonstrating the wide range of exports and the commercial relations between the Greek production centers and the prospective consumers. Most Greek vases were multi-functional, i.e., serving more than one purpose: for example, for storage and transportation, for food production and consumption, as funerary or dedicatory gifts, or as part of a drinking- set. Occasionally, Greek vases carried inscriptions, incised or painted, and, in fewer instances, a craftsman’s signature: the verb ΕΠΟΙΕΣΕΝ (made/manufactured) usually corresponded to the potter or owner of the work- shop, while the verb ΕΓΡΑΦΣΕΝ (painted) referred to the vase-painter. Since the vast majority of vases were unsigned, their craftsmen remain anonymous to us; to remedy this, scholars – following the steps of Sir John Beazley – have constructed a naming system with nicknames, such as “the Painter of Acropolis 606,” in order to facilitate the compilation of a vase-painter’s corpus and the study of vase-painting in general. Techniques of decoration tended to become more complex with time. Thus, the silhouette technique (skia- grafia) of the Geometric period was succeeded by the outline technique and the polychromy of the Oriental- izing period, only to give way to the innovative black- and red-figure styles of the Archaic and Classical periods. More specifically, black-figure vases were first invented in Corinth around 660 B.C., but the technique devel- oped its full potential only after its adoption by Athenian potters around 630 B.C. About a century later (ca. 530 B.C.), a new style was invented in Athens, the red-figure technique, which continued to be in vogue in most pottery centers for almost 200 years. In addition to the black- and red-figure styles, potters and painters developed several other methods of decoration, such as the white-ground technique and the use of moulds for plastic vases. One should note, however, that the development of the decorative techniques highlighted above did not occur simultaneously or at the same pace in all production centers; rather, each workshop adopted innovations or maintained a more traditional line of products according to the preferences dictated by their targeted markets, as well as the deftness of the craftsmen. Turning to the iconographic repertory of painted pottery, there is great variation depending on the period and workshop of production. For example, characteristic for Geometric vases are the geometric motifs with far fewer narrative scenes. Conversely, Orientalizing pottery is, on one hand, overwhelmed with Near Eastern ele- ments such as complex floral compositions, the “tree-of-life,” and animals (see, for example, the friezes with hybrid creatures and animals decorating Protocorinthian vases), while on the other, there is a gradual interest in mythological representations, especially on Protoattic vases. As we enter the Archaic and Classical periods, narrative scenes become the norm and the iconographic repertory of Greek vases expands further. It includes various mythological episodes, scenes from everyday- life, dramatic performances and even representations of cult activities. As expected, certain myths are more popular than others, as some genre scenes appear more often than others. Preferences for a particular scene depend on a number of factors, encompassing the shape and function of the vase, the painter and his reaction towards the socio-political environment of his time, the artistic production of each era, and the dictates of the market. Lastly, in the Hellenistic period the field of Greek figured pottery undergoes radical changes. Craftsmen gradually lost interest in complex compositions and narrative scenes and emphasized shape over decoration. This led to the production of new pottery types, such as West Slope black-glazed vases, mould-made relief “Megarian” bowls, etc. Athens continues to be amongst the leading pottery trading centers, but now it com- petes on equal terms with upcoming workshops, such as those in Pergamon and Pella. Equally significant is the ceramic production of South Italy and Sicily, not only for the large quantities of black-glaze pots (e.g., “Gnathia”), but also for special types of vases decorated with relief and polychrome motifs (e.g., funerary vases from Centuripe or Canosa).
Technical Editors: Kydonakis, Aris
Graphic Editors: Velenis, Michail
Type: Chapter
Creation Date: 2015
Item Details:
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/gr
Handle http://hdl.handle.net/11419/3610
Bibliographic Reference: Avramidou, A., & Tsiafaki, D. (2015). Ancient greek pottery [Chapter]. In Avramidou, A., & Tsiafaki, D. 2015. Attic Pottery [Undergraduate textbook]. Kallipos, Open Academic Editions. https://hdl.handle.net/11419/3610
Language: Greek
Is Part of: Attic Pottery
Number of pages 35
Publication Origin: Kallipos, Open Academic Editions