Title Details: | |
Phylogenetic Analysis |
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Authors: |
Nikolaou, Christoforos Chouvardas, Panagiotis |
Reviewer: |
Bagkos, Panteleimon |
Description: | |
Abstract: |
This chapter revisits problems related to sequence comparison, with the focus now shifting from the degree of similarity to the conclusions that can be drawn from it, as well as from other sequence comparison metrics. Within this context, the basic principles of molecular evolution and phylogenetic analysis are presented. Starting from sequence alignment analyses as described in a previous chapter, the key concepts of homology, nucleotide substitution models, and the representation of phylogenetic relationships through “trees” are discussed. At the core of this chapter lies the real biological challenge of constructing a phylogenetic tree from a multiple sequence alignment. The theory of nucleotide substitutions is described in detail, with examples of the basic models, followed by the theoretical background behind calculating evolutionary distances using substitution models. In the second part of the chapter, methods for constructing and evaluating phylogenetic trees are briefly discussed. An initial introduction to combinatorics highlights the complexity of the problem by calculating the number of possible combinations of n taxa in a tree. Then, distance matrix-based algorithms such as UPGMA and NJ are examined, followed by criterion-based methods such as maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood. Finally, the bootstrap method is presented for the statistical analysis of phylogenetic results. By the end of this chapter, you should be able to: Understand concepts such as “substitution rate,” “molecular clock,” and how these help us draw conclusions about the evolution of sequences over time. Calculate the number of possible trees representing a given number of taxonomic units. Recognize trees that are topologically equivalent.
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Type: |
Chapter |
Creation Date: | 2015 |
Item Details: | |
License: |
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/gr |
Handle | http://hdl.handle.net/11419/1584 |
Bibliographic Reference: | Nikolaou, C., & Chouvardas, P. (2015). Phylogenetic Analysis [Chapter]. In Nikolaou, C., & Chouvardas, P. 2015. Computational Biology [Undergraduate textbook]. Kallipos, Open Academic Editions. https://hdl.handle.net/11419/1584 |
Language: |
Greek |
Is Part of: |
Computational Biology |
Number of pages |
38 |
Publication Origin: |
Kallipos, Open Academic Editions |